Sociology 138D: History of Social Thought                       Spring 2000

 

Lectures:                      M&W, 5th period (1:10-2:00), 126 Sociology-Psychology Bldg.

Discussion periods:             Friday, 3rd & 5th periods

 

 

Instructional Staff:

Prof. E.A. Tiryakian, 339 Soc-Psych Bldg., Durkhm@soc.duke.edu Previous Midterm Test
Mr. Benjamin Dalton, 014 Language Bldg., Bdalton@soc.duke.edu Previous Final Exam Test
Ms. Maureen McClarnon, 014 Lang. Bldg., Maureen@soc.duke.edu  

 

Objectives: This course intends to provide students with greater awareness of challenges confronting American society and the emergent global social (dis)order in the 21st Century by relating the present to the development of social thought.  We will consider major features of the “sociological imagination” and its embededness in various national settings. To better situate our present situation, we will examine in lectures , readings, and discussions major theoretical currents, paradigms and controversies that have impacted sociology from both within and outside the discipline. Some of the externals have been technological and structural changes; others have been social philosophies, ideologies, and even social movements that have political consequences, while yet others are developments in other sciences that have been powerful stimuli. Together, all these comprise what is alluded to as “modernity”, which is not a static but a dynamic condition.

 

In the layout of  “modernity”, we will recognize several great “divides” which provide ruptures or crises, in the United States as well as in Europe and other parts of the world. Among these, are (1) the mid-18th Century set of revolutions that launched the modern social order which lasted until very recently, (2) the unfolding of the urban-industrial social order with its internal social conflicts and  adjustments, (3) the eclipse of European dominance as a consequence of World War I and the rise of American sociology to dominance, (4) the crises against authority that climaxed in the West in 1968 and in the East in 1989, and (5) lastly, our own ambiguous setting  as to what paradigms, whether that of “globalization” or “post-modernism” or some other best describe and anticipate the next phase of modernity.

 

Because of time limitation, the course will devote most of its coverage to the Western setting, in terms of both “mainstream” and “dissident” voices. However, some mention will be made of “other voices” of either traditional social thought or of social thought generated by reactions to Western contacts (either contacts of ideas or those stemming from the imposition of features of the Western social order on indigenous societies. Students wishing to do so may bring in comparative non-Western materials in the discussion periods and/or in a term paper

 

Course Structure.  A mid-term will be held Wednesday, March 1st.  Students will be expected to prepare a 10-15 page paper on a topic of their  choice on April 14th; they should have consulted with their section leader or the course instructor in advance.

 

Grading: midterm exam, 20%; paper, 20%; class participation, 20%; final exam 40%.

 

Recommended for purchase:

(1)    Lengermann, P. M. and J. Niebrugge-Brantley, The Women Founders. Sociology

         and  Social Theory 1830-1930.

(2)    George Ritzer, Sociological Theory,  5th ed. (2000).

 

Readings.  Readings other than those assigned in the two recommended for purchase may be downloaded from the on-line reserve for this course in Perkins Library.  Bracketed Optional items are not required readings.

 


COURSE SCHEDULE

 

 

Part I . Introduction.  Social theory and sociological theory: what’s the difference? Structures of theory.  How to conceptualize the history of sociological theory. Paradigms and paradigm shifts. The duality of social thought: normative vs. scientific. Visions of “the good society”. Where to begin sociology? The first “invention” of society, ca. 500 B.C. :  Plato and Aristotle. The later rupture of modernity: the 18th Century and its triple revolution: the matrix of the “new social order” and its changing image of social change: “what’s new is good, what’s old is bad”. The second “invention” of society:  Saint-Simon’s vision of the industrial order, and Comte’s positivism.

 

Week of:

 

January 10 (1) Adam Smith,  selection from Wealth of Nations;
  (2) John Kenneth Galbraith, Economics in Perspective (“The New World of Adam Smith”);
  (3) Jean-Jacques Rousseau,  selection from The Social Contract
  è note: since January 17 is a university holiday, there will be a lecture Friday, January 14, instead of a class discussion; the first discussion meeting will be on January 21.
January 17 Ritzer, Sociological Theory (hereafter, ST), chapter 1.
January 24 The prophetic mode of theory:
  (1)   Karl Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party
  (2)  Ritzer, ST, chapter 2 (“Karl Marx”)
January 31 The (gendered?)  Sociological Eye of Visitors:
  (1)  de Tocqueville, selections from  On Democracy, Revolution and Society
  (2)  de Tocqueville, selections from Democracy in America, pp. 319-32, 390-401
  (3) Lengermann and Niebrugge-Brantley, The Women Founders, Sociology and Social Theory (hereafter, WFSST), chapters 1 and 2.
  (4) Harriet Martineau, selection from Society in America
     
Part II.  The Classic Period of Sociology: Its Academic Institutionalization in France and Germany.  The Victorian Era: triumph of the bourgeoisie, triumph of science, triumph of the nation-state. New demands for social knowledge with the rust of modernity: social unrest with “the dangerous classes”.  Conflicts of church and state and cleavages of left and right. Capitalism as the juggernaut of modernity: can sociology curb it? The evolutionary paradigm.  The reconstruction of society and the quest for the “good society”.
February 7 The French republican setting. From  prophetic mode of theory (Saint-Simon) to the priestly mode (Durkheim). Anomie vs. solidarity.
  (1) Ritzer, ST, chapter 3 (“Emile Durkheim”)
  (2) Durkheim, selection from Suicide
  (3) Durkheim, “Individualism and the Intellectuals”
  [optional: Durkheim, Division of Labor; Professional Ethics & Civic Morals]
February 14 The German imperial setting (I). Modernity as an intersection of rationality and irrationality. The appeal of Nietzsche: nihilism and beyond morality. Enter Weber.
  (1) Ritzer, ST,  chapter 4 (“Max Weber”)
  (2) Max Weber, “Science as a Vocation”
  (3) Lengermann and Niebrugge-Brantley, WFSST , chapter 6 (“Marianne Weber”)
  [optional: Marianne Weber, Max Weber]
February 21 The  German imperial setting (II). Weber and Simmel.
  (1) Ritzer, ST, chapter 5 (“Georg Simmel”)
  (2) Simmel,  “Individual Freedom,” (pp. 331-54 in Simmel, The Philosophy of Money)
     
Coda.  Crises of identity. World War I and the shattering of the paradigm of progress. The decline of European sociology and the decline of democracy. The rise of American sociology: the end of the old frontier and the rise of the new urban frontier).
February 28 (1) Ritzer, ST, chapter 6, pp. 183-196
  (2) Lengermann and Niebrugge-Brantley, WFSST, chapters 3 (Jane Addams), 4 (Charlotte Perkins Gilman), 8 (Beatrice Webb)
  Note: midterm on Wednesday, March 1. All materials in Parts I and II.
     
Part III. The institutionalization of American sociology, 1890-1970.  Two great  centers, Chicago and Cambridge. The Chicago school(s): pragmatism and empirical research. The Harvard school. Structural-functional analysis as mainstream sociology. New priests, new prophets.
March 6 (1) Ritzer , ST, chapter  10 (“Symbolic Interactionism”).
March 20 (1) Ritzer, ST, chapter 7 (“Structural Functionalism, etc.”)
  (2) Robert K. Merton, “Insiders and Outsiders: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge”
  (3) read either: Talcott Parsons, “Social Classes and Class Conflict” or Parsons, “Health and Disease: A Sociological Perspective”
     
Part IV.  The cultural crisis of American society in the 1960s.  New voices in the polis,  new voices in the  sociological forum.  After the cold war, what is left of center?     The return of  individualism.  Where is modernity headed?
March 27 (1) Lengermann and Niebrugge-Brantley, WFSST, chapter 5 (“Foundations of Black Feminist Sociology”)
  (2) Frantz Fanon, selection from Black Skin, White Masks
  (3) Malcolm X, Speeches at Harvard,  pp. 161-75
  (4) Gunnar Myrdal, selection from An American Dilemma
April 3 (1) Ritzer, ST, chapter 13 by Lengermann and Niebrugge-Brantley (“Contemporary Feminist Theory”)
  (2) Simone de Beauvoir, selection from The Second Sex
  (3) Jennifer Lehmann, “Durkheim’s Theories of Deviance”
April 10  (1) Ritzer, ST,   chapter 8 (“Varieties of Neo-Marxian Theory”); chapter 16
(“Contemporary Theories of Modernity”).
  (2) Vaclav Havel,  “The Power of the Powerless” from Open Letters
April 17 (1) James Coleman, “Social Theory, Social Research and a Theory of Action”
  (2) Robert N. Bellah, et.al., selections from Habits of the Heart
  [optional: Robert Bellah, et.al., The Good Society]
April 24  The 21st Century: Reconstructing the social order, reconstructing sociological theory.
  No assignment