Soc 229 Seminar on Social
Networks
Professor: James Moody
Meeting Time: T Th, 1:15 – 2:30
Office Hours: Th 3:00 – 4:30
Place: Social Sciences 229
“To speak of
social life is to speak of the association between people – their associating
in work and in play, in love and in war, to trade or to worship, to help or to
hinder. It is in the social relations
men establish that their interests find expression and their desires become
realized.”
--
Peter M. Blau, 1964
Overview:
This
seminar focuses on theoretical and substantive themes within social network analysis. The theoretical heart of this approach to
social science is that actors are interdependent, and that social structure
emerges from regularities in this interdependence. In this seminar, we will couple the
substantive and theoretical development of social network analysis with
methodological tools to implement network research. By the end of the course, you should (1) know
the major theoretical ideas supporting network research, (2) be able to collect
social network data and, (3) be able to analyze and interpret social network
data.
Social
network research is unique in the extent to which methodological tools derive
directly from substantive theories. As
such, class time will be split almost 50-50 on methodological and substantive
(theory, application, and examples) issues, with each substantive topic tied to
a new method or analysis strategy.
Substantive topics will include work on sexual behavior, organizational
performance, delinquency, power, friendship, and much more.
Requirements:
The
main requirement of this seminar is a research
paper that uses the methods or ideas of social network analysis. This may be a revision of previous work (an
MA paper, another course paper, etc.) or a new paper. If this is a revision of a previous paper,
you need to show that the addition of network ideas or methods significantly
contributes to the revision. You may
collaborate with up to 2 other students (3-authors total) on your final
paper. The second requirement for the
class is a set of homework assignments
designed to build familiarity with the software and analysis techniques. Assignments are self-graded with the
solutions posted on the course webpage, they are due
the next class day (so an assignment listed on class 2 is due on class 3). Finally, since this is a seminar, in-class participation is necessary.
Texts:
The
main texts for the class are
-
Wasserman and
Faust (1994): Social Network Analysis.
-
Kadushin, Charles (2010): Making
Connections: An introduction to social network theory, concepts and findings. This is a great “what and why” book – not a
“how to” book, particularly for students with little social networks
background.
-
Martin, John Levi
(2009): Social Structures. This is a theory book on how types of
relations constrain/construct types of aggregate social structures.
As
background, you may also want to review:
-
Barabasi, Albert-László Linked:
The New Science of Networks. Provides an overview from the point of view
of physicists, who have recently started thinking about networks (and social
networks as part of that).
-
Freeman, Linton. The Development of Social Network Analysis by Linton Freeman.
Most
papers we are reading will be linked to on-line sources from the class web-page
version of this syllabus. Any that we
cannot get on-line will be available for copy in a folder outside my office
door.
Software:
I
will provide sample code, instruction and so forth in a number of software
programs. The main ones are:
1) UCI-NET. This
is the industry standard network analysis program. The most recent version is available for
about $40 from Analytic technologies. Orders may be placed by web, mail,
telephone, fax, or e-mail. Web: www.analytictech.com. E-mail: sales@analytictech.com
2) Access to SAS, including IML, and a set of programs I
have written called SPAN (Sas Programs for Analyzing Networks), which contains a set of useful routines. The SPAN program is free, and can be
downloaded from the data page of the class website. This is the main software source I will
instruct in.
3) PAJEK. A
program for analyzing and visualizing large networks. It is free. You can download the most recent version of
PAJEK at: http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek/default.htm. A good book on the “how to” of PAJEK is Exploratory Network Analysis With PAJEK,
Cambridge Press
4) R. The R
platform is necessary for the statistical models of networks we will be
exploring, but can also be used as a general network analysis program. I will provide hints at how to do general
analysis in R and more detailed examples for the statistical modeling
projects. For those who like to program
in R, the main modules to review are “SNA” (Carter Butts), “Statnet”
(Handcock et al), and iGraph
(Csardi). R is
free.
5) Other sundry programs:
There are many drawing programs (yEd,
VisOne, SoNIA) that have
neat tricks, ORA is a general-purpose program with lots of tools. You are welcome to use any of these.
Online resources
1)
Class web page. This is where the most up-to-date version of
the syllabus will always be, and links to all of the course material. http://www.soc.duke.edu/~jmoody77/s884/index.htm
2)
International
Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA) home page http://www.insna.org/
Schedule:
Class 1: Introduction
to Social Network Analysis
Summary: First day of class. Discuss syllabus,
go over the history of social network research, general trends in the field and
some basic elements of how social network data differ from data social
scientists are used to collecting.
Borgatti, S.P et al “Network Analysis
in the Social Sciences” Science 323, 892 (2009).
Butts, Carter T. “Revisiting the
Foundations of Network Analysis” Science 325, 414 (2009)
Assignments: Family as
Social Network & Substantive implications
Recommended /Background
Barabási, Albert-László Linked: The New Science of Networks
Freeman, Linton The
Development of Social Network Analysis by Linton Freeman
Use of family
network size estimates:
Gartner, Scott.
2009. “Ties to the Dead: Connections to
Moody, James. “Fighting a
Hydra: A Note on the Network Embeddedness of the War on Terror”, Structure
and Dynamics: eJournal of Anthropological and Related
Sciences: 1(2): Article 9.
Any
number of reviews of network science, see for example SCIENCE VOL 325.
Class 2. Foundations
of network analysis
Summary: Continue discussion of network theory elements,
describe data structures, distinctions between directed, undirected, valued,
local and global networks, introduction to software & graph drawing.
Wasserman & Faust, Chapter 1 & 2 (focus on 1st
half of chap 2).
Kadushin, Chapter 2 & Chapter 3
Martin, J. Front matter & Chapter 1.
Emirbayer, M. 1997. "Manifesto for Relational Sociology."
American Journal of Sociology
103:281-317.
Assignments: Matrix
manipulations, graph translation exercise, network drawing.
Recommended /Background
Borgatti, S.P. “A quorum of graph theoretic concepts”
Wellman, Barry: “Structural Analysis: From method and
metaphor to theory and substance”
Class 3. Collecting
Network Data
Summary: What are the best ways to collect network data? What
are the tradeoffs involved in different network data designs, how does data
collection quality affect results? How do we collect data in ethically
responsible ways?
Breiger, Ronald L. 2005. “Introduction to special issue: ethical
dilemmas in social network research” Social Networks p89-93
Klovdahl, Alden S. 2005.“Social network research and human subjects
protection: Towards more effective infectious disease control” Social
Networks p119-137
Katushin, C. Chapter 10
Marsden, P.V. 1990. “Network data and measurement.”
Annual Review of Sociology 16:435-63
Bearman & Parigi “Cloning Headless Frogs and Other
Important Matters: Conversation Topics and Network Structure” Social Forces
Borgatti : http://www.analytictech.com/networks/data.htm
Assignments: Take
& evaluate a network survey.
Background
Bernard, W. H., P. Killworth,
and L. Sailer. 1979. “Informant accuracy in social
networks. Part IV: A comparison of clique-level structure in behavioral and
cognitive network data.” Social Networks 2: 191-218.
Butts. 2003.
“Network inference, error and informant (in)accuracy: a Bayesian approach,” Social
Networks 25:2: 103-140.
Eagle, N. A. Pentland, and
D. Lazer (2009), "Inferring Social Network Structure using Mobile Phone Data",
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) (to appear).
Faust, K. 2009. “Triadic configurations in limited choice sociometric
networks: Empirical and theoretical results” Social Networks
Freeman, L. A.K. Romney, S.C. Freeman. 1989. “Cognitive
Structure and Informant Accuracy,” American Anthropologist 89.
Kadushin, C. “Who benefits from network analysis: ethics of social
network research” Social
Networks p139-153
Killworth, P.D and H. R. Bernard. 1976. “Informant accuracy in
social network data,” Human Organization 35(8): 269-286.
Marsden. PV 1990. “Network data and measurement,” Annual
Review of Sociology 16: 435-463.
Vehovar, V et al “Measuring ego-centered social networks on the web:
Questionnaire design issues” Social
Networks p213-222
Class 4. Local
Networks I: Network Composition & Population Mixing
Summary: The building blocks of a network are the sets of
relations each person is embedded within.
Today we discuss how positions can be defined in terms of the pattern
and composition of network alters. We
identify sources of such data in the literature and how to manipulate them.
McPherson, Smith-Lovin, Brashears “Social
isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades”
American Sociological Review
Fischer, CS (2009) “Comment:
The 2004 GSS Finding of Shrunken Social Networks: An Artifact?” Claude S.
Fischer American Sociological Review
McPherson, Smith-Lovin, Brashears (2009) “Reply:
Models and Marginals: Using Survey Evidence to Study
Social Networks” (ASR)
Fischer, Claude: To
Dwell Among Friends, Chapters 3, 8, 9, 12, 14
(don’t worry, they are short and easy!)
Cornwell, B., Laumann, E.O. and Schumm.
2009. “The
Social Connectedness of Older Adults: A National Profile” American
Sociological Review
Assignments:
Ego-Network Characteristics.
Background
Bidar, Clair “Evolutions of personal networks and life events”
Social Networks
p359-376
Kalmijn, M et al “Homogeneity of social networks by age and marital status:
A multilevel analysis of ego-centered networks” Social Networks p25-43
Lizardo, Omar () “How Cultural Tastes Shape Personal Networks” American Sociological Review
Marsden, Peter: “Core discussion networks of
Americans”
Martin, J.L. “Persistence of close personal ties over a 12-year period”
Social Networks p331-362
Mizruchi, Mark & Linda Brewster Stearns “Getting Deals
Done: The Use of Social Networks in Bank Decision-Making” American
Sociological Review 2001 66:647-671
Moore, G. 1990.
"Structural Determinants of Men's and Women's Personal Networks." American Sociological Review 55:726-35.
Renzulli, L. A., H. Aldrich, and J.
Moody. 2000. "Family Matters: Gender, Networks, and Entrepreneurial
Outcomes." Social Forces.
Van Der
Gaag, Martin & Tom Snijders
“The Resource Generator: social capital quantification with
concrete items” p1-29 Social Networks
van Duijn, M. A. J., J. T. ban Busschbach,
and T. A. B. Snijders. 1999. "Multilevel
Analysis of Personal Networks As Dependent Variables." Social Networks 21:187-209.
Wellman, B. and S. Wortley. 1990. "Different Strokes From Different
Folks: Community Ties and Social Support." American Journal of Sociology 96:558-88.
Wellman, B., R. Y.
Wong, D. Tindall, and N. Nazer.
1997. "A Decade of Network Change: Turnover, Persistence and Stability in
Personal Communities." Social
Networks 19(1):27-50.
(There are hosts of other good
pieces using local networks. Most
articles in the health field, for example, use local networks, since the data
are easy to collect).
Class 5. Local
Networks II: Patterns
Summary: The structural patterns in local networks affect the
distribution of information and power in that network. Today we focus on identifying the effects of
local network configurations and how those configurations fit into wider
patterns of relations.
Burt, R. Structural Holes, Chapter 1
(skim chapter
2).
Burt, R. 2004. “Structural Holes and Good Ideas” American Journal of Sociology 110:349-400
Granovetter, Mark. 1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology 78:1360-80.
(plus the
chapters from Fischer on patterns & density)
Assignments:
Selecting Ego-networks from global
networks, Structural Hole measures.
Background
Buskens, V & van de Rijt, Arnout “Dynamics of
Networks if Everyone Strives for Structural Holes” American Journal of Sociology
Cornwell, B. () “Good health and the bridging of structural holes”
Social Networks p92-103
Cowan, Robin &
Nicolas Jonard. (2007) “Structural holes,
innovation and the distribution of ideas.” Journal of Economic Interaction
and Coordination 2:2, 93-110
Everett & Borgatti
(19xx) “Ego network betweenness” Social Networks p31-38
Fernandez-Mateo, Isabel () “Who Pays the Price of
Brokerage? Transferring Constraint through Price Setting in the Staffing
Sector” American Sociological Review
Granovetter, Mark. (1974) Getting
a job; a study of contacts and careers.
Kalish & Robins. () “Psychological predispositions and network structure: The
relationship between individual predispositions, structural holes and network
closure” Social Networks p56-84
Lee, Nancy Howell (1969) The search for an abortionist.
Tiwana, Amrit. (2008) “Do bridging
ties complement strong ties? An empirical examination of alliance ambidexterity.”
Strategic Management Journal
29:3,251-272
Class 6. Social Capital
Summary: A large body of network-relevant work centers on the
idea of social capital. Here we review
network approaches to that work.
James Moody and
Pamela Paxton. 2009. “Building Bridges: Linking
Social Capital and Social Networks to Improve Theory and Research.” American Behavioral Scientist 52:
1491-1506. [intro to 2-volume ABS special
issue on social capital and networks; review some of the other papers for
substance]
Coleman, J.
1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of
Human Capital”
American Journal of Sociology 95: 95-120
Assignments: Social Capital Inventory Items
Background
This is an exceedingly large literature;
see the bibs in the special issue above for classics…
Putnam Bowling
Alone
McFarland, D & RJ Thomas. 2008. Bowling Young: How Youth
Voluntary Associations Influence Adult Political Participation American
Sociological Review
Lin, Cook &
Burt 2001. Social Capital: Theory & Research (intro chapter)
Class 7. Relations
through associations
Summary: People form relations through overlapping
associations. In so doing, they not only
create a network of people, but also a network of associations. This is captured through the duality of
persons and groups, and provides a very powerful way to identify network
processes through commonly available data.
Breiger, R. L. 1974. "The Duality of Persons and Groups."
Social Forces 53:181-90.
Moody, James. 2004.
“The
Structure of a Social Science Collaboration Network” American Sociological
Review 69:213-264 (skim, will present)
Burris, Val () “Interlocking
Directorates and Political Cohesion among Corporate Elites”AJS
W&F
Chapter 8 (skim).
Assignments: Constructing a dual (person-through-group) network.
Background
Baldassarri, D and Mario Diani. (2007)
The Integrative Power of Civic Networks. American Journal of Sociology 113:3, 735-780
Bearman, P. and K. Everett. 1993.
"The Structure of Social Protest." Social Networks 15:171-200.
Frank, K. et. al
() “The Social Dynamics of Mathematics Coursetaking
in High School”AJS
Class 8. Centrality.
Summary: Another conception of “position” in a social network
deals with where an actor resides within a network. Falling under the broad heading of
centrality, a series of measures are identified that highlight individuals
positions in the network.
W&F Chap. 5.
Bonacich, P. 1987. "Power and Centrality: A Family of
Measures." American Journal of
Sociology 92:1170-1182.
Borgatti & Everett. 2006. “A Graph-theoretic perspective on centrality”
p466-484 Social Networks
Borgatti, S. P. 2005. “Centrality and network flow”
Social Networks p55-71
Plus one of the Substantive readings using centrality
from class 9.
Assignments: Calculate and compare different measures of
centrality on the same network.
Background
Bolland, J. M. 1988. "Sorting Out
Centrality: An Analysis of the Performance of Four Centrality Models In Real
and Simulated Networks." Social
Networks 10:233-53.
Freeman, L. C. 1977.
"A Set of Measures of Centrality Based on Betweenness." Sociometry
40:35-41.
———. 1978-1979.
"Centrality in Social Networks." Social
Networks 1:215-39.
Friedkin, N. E. 1991. "Theoretical
Foundations for Centrality Measures." American
Journal of Sociology 96:1478-504.
Rothenberg, R. B.,
J. J. Potterat, W. W. Woodhouse, S. Q. Darrow, S. Q. Muth, and A. S. Klovdahl. 1995.
"Choosing a Centrality Measure: Epidemiologic Correlates in the
Class 9.
Centrality
Summary: Continue our work on centrality, focusing on
processes of information and disease diffusion.
Friedkin, N. E. 1993. "Structural Basis of Interpersonal
Influence in Groups: A Longitudinal Case Study." American Sociological Review 58:861-72.
or
Baker, W. E. and R. R. Faulkner.
1993. "The Social
Organization of Conspiracy: Illegal Networks in the Heavy Electrical Equipment
Industry." American Sociological
Review 58:837-60.
Assignments:
Background
Bolland, J. M. 1988. "Sorting Out
Centrality: An Analysis of the Performance of Four Centrality Models In Real
and Simulated Networks." Social
Networks 10:233-53.
Bonacich, P. 1987. "Power and
Centrality: A Family of Measures." American
Journal of Sociology 92:1170-1182.
Brandes, U “On variants of shortest-path betweenness centrality and
their generic computation” Social Networks p.36-145
Clifton, Allan. Eric Turkheimer,
Thomas F. Oltmanns () “Personality disorder in social networks: Network position
as a marker of interpersonal dysfunction Social Networks” Pages
26-32
Freeman, L. C. .
1978-1979. "Centrality in Social Networks." Social Networks 1:215-39.
Freeman, L. C. 1977.
"A Set of Measures of Centrality Based on Betweenness." Sociometry
40:35-41.
Friedkin, N. E. 1991. "Theoretical
Foundations for Centrality Measures." American
Journal of Sociology 96:1478-504.
Kolaczyk, E.D David B. Chua, Marc Barthélemy “Group betweenness and co-betweenness: Inter-related
notions of coalition centrality” Social Networks p190-203
Rothenberg, R. B.,
J. J. Potterat, W. W. Woodhouse, S. Q. Darrow, S. Q. Muth, and A. S. Klovdahl. 1995.
"Choosing a Centrality Measure: Epidemiologic Correlates in the
Zemljič, Barbara & Valentina Hlebec () “Reliability of measures of centrality and prominence”
Social Networks p73-88
Class 10. Building Nets from Local Action 1: Social Balance.
Summary: We have now seek the basic structures of informal
networks and details of local networks.
What interpersonal process could be consistent with both of these
features? More important, can we
identify a local level mechanism that would generate such structures? Will also
introduce the problem of statistical measurement of network attributes.
Martin, J. Social Structures Have (have book finished by now)
Davis, J. A. 1963. "Structural Balance, Mechanical
Solidarity, and Interpersonal Relations." American Journal of Sociology 68:444-62.
W&F chap 6 & 14 (skim 14)
Gould, Rodger (2002). “The Origins of Status Hierarchies: A formal theory and Empirical Test.” American Journal
of Sociology. 107:1143-1178
Assignments: Identify transitivity levels in a network, triad
distribution.
Background
Johnsen, E. C. 1985. "Network
Macrostructure Models for the Davis-Leinhardt Set of
Empirical Sociomatrices." Social Networks 7:203-24.
———. 1986.
"Structure and Process: Agreement Models for Friendship Formation." Social Networks 8:257-306.
Faust, K. () “Triadic configurations in limited choice sociometric
networks: Empirical and theoretical results” Social Networks p273-282
Bruce Kogut.
(2008) Introduction to complexity: emergence, graphs, and management studies. European
Management Review 4:2, 67-72
Class 11. Building nets
from local action 2: Hierarchy
Summary: Consistent local action can have dramatic global
effects. Today we continue our
discussion of local balance, focusing on the development of hierarchy and the
dynamics of social groups.
John Martin Social
Structures (Cont’d)
Chase, Ivan. “Social process and hierarchy
formation in small groups: A comparative perspective.” American Sociological Review
Krackhardt, D. 1994. "Graph
Theoretical Dimensions of Informal Organizations." Computational Organizational Theory,
Editor Kathleen Carley and MichaelPrietula.
Hillsdale, N.J:
Assignments: Calculate hierarchy measures for a network.
Background
Doreian, P., R. Kapuscinski,
D. Krackhardt, and J. Szczypula.
1996. "A Brief History of Balance Through Time." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 21(1-2):113-31.
Han, Shin-Kap. 2003. “Tribal Regimes in Academia: A Comparative
Analysis of Market Structure Across Disciplines,” Social Networks 25:251-280
Martin, J.L.
2005 “Is Power Sexy?” American Journal of Sociology.
111:408-446
Fowler, J.H. & Jeon
S. (2008) “The authority of Supreme Court precedent” Social Networks P16-30
Class 12. Connectivity
I. Small Worlds & Complexity
Summary: Much of the power of networks comes from the
inter-connection of local networks into wider populations. Based on what we know of local networks and
people’s involvement in activities, what should networks look like at the
global level?
Kadushin, C. Chapter 7
Travers, J. and S. Milgram.
“An experimental study of the
small world Problem”
Sociometry
32:425-443
American
Journal of Sociology. v. 105:493-527.
Uzzi, Brian and Jarrett Spiro. 2005. “Collaboration and Creativity: The
Small World Problem.” American
Journal of Sociology 111:2, 447-504
Assignments: Small-world
connectivity test. How many people do
you know?
Identifying components, reachability, distance. Calculating biased network statistics.
Background
Bruce Kogut.
(2008) Introduction to complexity: emergence, graphs, and management studies. European
Management Review 4:2, 67-72
Fararo, T. J. 1981. "Biased Networks
and Social Structure Theorems." Social
Networks 3:137-59.
Fararo, T. J. and J. Skvoretz. 1987. "Unification Research Programs:
Integrating Two Structural Theories." American
Journal of Sociology 92:1183-209.
Newmann, M. E. J. 1999. “Models of the Small World”
Pool,
Rapoport, A. and W. J. Horvath. 1961.
"A Study of a Large Sociogram." Behavioral Science 6:279-91.
Schnettler, S. 2009. “A structured overview of 50 years of small-world research”
Social Networks
Watts, Duncan
J. 1999.
Small Worlds: The Dynamics of
Networks between Order and Randomness.
Summary: The power of networks to draw communities together
rests on the redundancy of social relations.
Today we dig deeper into the sources of connectivity and cohesion.
Moody, James & Douglas R. White. 2003. "Structural Cohesion and Embeddedness"
American Sociological Review 68:103-127
Bearman, Farris, & Moody, "Blocking
the Future" Social Science History 23:501-533
Powell, WW, DR White, KW Koput, and JO Smith. 2006. “Network Dynamics and Field
Evolution: The Growth of Interorganizational
Collaboration in the Life Sciences” American
Journal of Sociology 110: 1132–205
Assignments: Identify cohesion in particular networks, plot
components and bi-components from test networks. Describe how cohesion would
operate in the substantive area you are working in.
Background
Klovdahl, A. S. 1985. "Social Networks and the Spread of
Infectious Diseases: The AIDS Example." Social Science Medicine
21:1203-16.
Mizruchi, M. S. et al () “The Conditional Nature of
Embeddedness: A Study of Borrowing by Large U.S. Firms, 1973–1994” (ASR)
Class 14. Sub-Groups 1
Summary: Primary groups are common in social interaction. How important are these groups and how do we
identify them? We will go over multiple
methods for identifying a primary group.
Freeman,
L. C. 1992. "The
Sociological Concept of "Group": An Empirical Test of Two
Models." American Journal of
Sociology 98:152-66. (OnLine)
Frank, K. A. and J.
Y. Yasumoto. 1998. "Linking Action to Social Structure Within a System: Social Capital Within and Between
Subgroups." American Journal of
Sociology 104:642-86. (OnLine)
Newman, MEJ. 2006. “Modularity and
Community Structure in Networks” PNAS
Porter, Onnela & Mucha 2009. “Communities
in Networks”
Assignments: Identify cohesive groups in test data.
Background
Alba, R. D. 1973.
"A Graph-Theoretic Definition of a Sociometric Clique." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 3:113-26.
Burt, R. S. 1987.
"Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesion Versus Structural
Equivalence." American Journal of
Sociology 92:1287-335.
Fershtman, M. 1997. "Cohesive Group
Detection in a Social Network by the Segregation Matrix Index." Social Networks 19:193-207.
Frank, K. A. 1995.
"Identifying Cohesive Subgroups." Social
Networks 17:27-56.
Frank, K. A. 1996.
"Mapping Interactions Within and Between Cohesive Subgroups." Social Networks 18:93-119.
Freeman, L. C. 1972.
"Segregation in Social Networks." Sociological
Methods and Research 6:411-30.
Friedkin, N. E. 1984. "Structural
Cohesion and Equivalence Explanations of Social Homogeneity." Sociological Methods and Research
12:235-61.
Mann, CF et al. “The use of sparsest cuts to reveal the hierarchical
community structure of social networks” Social Networks p223-234
Mizruchi, M. S. 1992. The Structure of Corporate Political Action.
Mizruchi, M. S. 1993. "Cohesion,
Equivalence and Similarity of Behavior: a Theoretical and Empirical
Assessment." Social Networks
15:275-307.
Moody, James. 2002. "Peer
Influence Groups: Identifying dense clusters in large networks. Social
Networks. 2001; 23:261-283."
T. S. Evans, R. Lambiotte.
(2009) Line graphs, link partitions, and overlapping communities. Physical Review E 80:
Vaisey, Stephen (2008) “Structure, Culture, and Community:
The Search for belonging in 50 Urban Communes” American Sociological Review
Class 15. Sub-groups
II.
Summary: (Continuation of last session, focusing on the
source/creation rather than the
Effects &
identification)
Baker, Wayne. “Social Structure of a Security
Exchange Market.” American
Journal of Sociology
Feld, S. L. 1981. "The Focused Organization of Social
Ties." American Journal
of Sociology 86:1015-35.
Assignments: None
Background
Baker, W. E. and R.
R. Faulkner. 1993. "The Social Organization of Conspiracy: Illegal
Networks in the Heavy Electrical Equipment Industry." American Sociological Review 58:837-60.
Feld. 1991. "Why Your Friends
Have More Friends Than You Do." American
Journal of Sociology 96:1464-77.
Class 16. Roles and
Positions
Summary: Cohesive subgroups are only the most obvious
structural form that results from interconnected relations. The pattern of ties across relations can be used
to induce social roles based on structural equivalence. Here we also examine multiple relations
systems.
Wasserman & Faust Ch 9
Nadel, A Theory of
Social Structure Chapter 4.
White, H. C., S. A. Boorman, and R. L. Breiger. 1976.
"Social Structure From Multiple Networks I." American Journal of Sociology 81:730-780.
Assignments:
Blockmodeling
Background
Burt, R. S. 1978.
"Cohesion Versus Structural Equivalence As a Basis for Network
Sub-Groups." Sociological Methods
and Research 7:189-212.
Burt, R. S.1990.
"Detecting Role Equivalence." Social
Networks 12:83-97.
Lorrain, F. and H.
C. White. 1971. "Structural Equivalence of Individuals in Social
Networks." Journal of Mathematical
Sociology 1:49-80.
Mandel, M. 1983.
"Local Roles and Social Networks." American Sociological Review 48:376-86.
Mizruchi, M. S. 1993. "Cohesion,
Equivalence and Similarity of Behavior: a Theoretical and Empirical
Assessment." Social Networks
15:275-307.
Class 17. Roles
& Positions II.
Summary: Continuation of roles and positions, focus on
technique and practical problems of block modeling.
W&F Chapter 10. Blockmodeling
Borgaiit, S. (1999) “Models of Core-Periphery Structure” Social Networks 21:375-395
Substantive
papers (read at least one):
Hillman, H. (2007) “Mediation in Multiple Networks:
Elite Mobilization before the English Civil War” American Sociological Review
Montgomery, JD. () “The structure of norms and relations in patronage systems”
Social Networks p565-584
Assignments: Blockmodel assignment
Background
Smith,
D. A. and D. R. White. 1992. "Structure and Dynamics of the Global
Economy: Network Analysis of International Trade 1965-1980." Social Forces 70:857-93.
Borgatti, S. P. 1999. "Models of
Core / Periphery Structures." Social
Networks 21:375-95.
Brieger, Ronald L. 1976. Career Attributes and Network
Structure: A Blockmodel Study of a Biomedical
Research Specialty American Sociological
Review, Vol. 41: 117-135.
Burt, R. S. 1987.
"Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesion Versus Structural
Equivalence." American Journal of
Sociology 92:1287-335.
———. 1990.
"Detecting Role Equivalence." Social
Networks 12:83-97.
Friedkin, N. E. 1984. "Structural
Cohesion and Equivalence Explanations of Social Homogeneity." Sociological Methods and Research
12:235-61.
Lorrain, F. and H.
C. White. 1971. "Structural Equivalence of Individuals in Social
Networks." Journal of Mathematical
Sociology 1:49-80.
Padgett, J. F. and C. K. Ansell.
1993. "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434." American Journal of Sociology
98:1259-319. (its long, skim for content and method)
Rossem, R. V. 1996. "The World
System Paradigm As General Theory of Development: A Cross-National Test." American Sociological Review 61:508-27.
White, D. R. and K.
P. Reitz. 1989. "Re-Thinking the Role Concept: Homomorphisms
on Social Networks." Pp. 429-88 in Research
Methods in Social Network Analysis, Editors L. C. Freeman, D. R. White, and
A. K. Romnet.
Doreian, P. () “A multiple indicator approach to blockmodeling
signed networks” Social
Networks p247-258
Carroll, C. () “Canonical correlation analysis: Assessing links between
multiplex networks” Social
Networks p310-330
Salome, A et al () “Core/periphery structure models: An alternative
methodological proposal” Social
Networks p442-448
Class 18. Peer Influence,
Contagion & Diffusion
Summary: Networks are conduits for the flow of information and
influence. Thus, the behavior of
individuals is often a complex interaction of individual and interpersonal
effects. This is a large and growing
section of the field, particularly relevant in political/opinion and health
research.
Friedkin, N. E. and K. S. Cook. 1990.
"Peer Group Influence." Sociological
Methods and Research 19(1):122-43. [shorter summary of argument in his
book]
N. A. Christakis and
J. H. Fowler (2007) “The
Spread of Obesity in a Large Network”
Baldassarri and Bearman
(2007) “Dynamics
of Political Polarization” American
Sociological Review
Cohen, J. M. 1983. "Peer Influence
on College Aspirations." American
Sociological Review 48:728-34. (optional)
Assignments:
Calculate peer influence measures for example data.
Background
Centola and Macy. (2007) Complex Contagions and the Weakness
of Long Ties. American Journal of Sociology 113:3, 702-734
Friedkin, N.E. 1998 A Structural Theory of Social Influence
Haynie, Dana. Delinquent peers Revisited: Does Network
Structure Matter? American Journal of Sociology. 2001; 106:1013-1057.
Kandel, D. B. "On Processes of
Peer Influences in Adolescent Drug Use." Alcohol and Substance Abuse in Adolescence, Editor B. Stimmel.
Mikolajczyk, RT & Mirjam Kretzschmar () “Collecting social contact data in the context of disease
transmission: Prospective and retrospective study designs” Social Networks p127-135
Paez et al () “Weight matrices for social influence analysis: An
investigation of measurement errors and their effect on model identification
and estimation quality” Social Networks p309-317
Class 19. Social
Exchange
Summary: Networks provide constraints and opportunities for
actors. In an exchange setting, this
structure will lead to differences in power.
We contrast direct exchange and generalized exchange.
Martin, Chapter 3
Cook, K. S., R. M.
Emerson, M. R. Gillmore, and T. Yamagishi.
1983. "The Distribution of Power in Exchange Networks: Theory and
Experimental Evidence." American
Journal of Sociology :275-305.
Lawler, E. J. and J.
Yoon. 1993. "Power and the Emergence of Commitment Behavior in Negotiated
Exchange." American Sociological
Review 58:465-81.
Bearman, P. 1997. "Generalized
Exchange." American Journal of
Sociology 102(5):1383-415.
Assignments: Identify power status of a set of example networks.
Background
Barrera, D () “The impact of negotiated exchange on trust and
trustworthiness” Social Networks p508-526
Blau, Peter s. Exchange and power in Social Life
Doğan, Gönül () “The stability of exchange networks” Social Networks p118-125,
Lalwer, E. J. () “Social Exchange and Micro Social Order” American Sociological Review
Molm, LD et al (*) “Building
Solidarity through Generalized Exchange: A Theory of Reciprocity” American
Journal of Sociology
Schaefer, D.R. () “Resource Variation and the
Development of Cohesion in Exchange Networks” American Sociological Review
Van Assen and van de Rijt () “Dynamic exchange networks” Social Networks p.266-278
Vande Rijt, A & Assen () “Theories of network exchange: Anomalies, desirable
properties, and critical networks” Social Networks p259-271
Willer, D. 1999. Network Exchange Theory.
Willer, R. () “Groups Reward Individual Sacrifice: The
Status Solution to the Collective Action Problem” Robb Willer
American Sociological Review
Ziegler, R. () “What makes the Kula go round?: A simulation model of the
spontaneous emergence of a ceremonial exchange system” Social Networks p107-126
Class 20. Statistical
Models of Social Networks
STATNET
Tutorial (online) & J. of Statistical Software review issue (links
here).
Assignments: Calculate ERGM on an example graph.
Wasserman,
S. and P. Pattison. 1996. "Logit Modles and Logitic Regressions for Social
Networks: I. An Introduction to Markov Graphs and P*." Psychometrika 61:401-25.
Class 21: Dynamics
1
Summary:
We cover
two kinds of dynamics in networks: how the network structure changes and how
relationship timing affects diffusion.
Moody,
James. The Importance of Relationship Timing for Diffusion. Social Forces.
2002; 81:25-56.
Moody,
James. “Static Representations of Dynamic Networks.” (manuscript).
Assignments: Create SoNIA movie of network
Weesie,
J. and H. Flap. 1990. Social Networks
Through Time. Utrecht, Netherlannds: ISOR.
Class
22. Statistical Models of Networks II:
Dynamic Nnetworks
Summary:
We cover
SIENA models for social networks on the dynamics of selection and influence.
Assignments: Create SoNIA movie of network
Class
23. New Frontiers: Summary discussion of
what’s new in the field.
Summary:
Student
reports on new substantive work.
Assignments: Create SoNIA movie of network
Theory
and Society – Class Calendar